Both BOAC and the RAF used converted Liberator IIs as unarmed long-range cargo carriers. The design MTOW for a B-24D was initially set at 56,000lbs. The U.S. Navy had been using B-24s with only minor modifications as the PB4Y-1 Liberator, and along with maritime patrol B-24s used by RAF Coastal Command this type of patrol plane had been quite successful. Robert B. [18], Early orders, placed before the XB-24 had flown, included 36 for the USAAC, 120 for the French Air Force and 164 for the Royal Air Force (RAF). In April 1939, the USAAC initially ordered seven YB-24 under CAC contract # 12464. [24][25], For 12 months, No. [20] Hendrix preferred the B-24 to the B-17. The RAF found, as did the US, that global war increased the need for air transports and early-type bombers and seaplanes were converted or completed as cargo carriers and transports. It edged out the B-17 on most performance criteria (speed, range, bombload). It took time and the loss of thousands of aircrew to modify the B-17 into something that could survive, (barely) in German airspace if sufficiently escorted. Willow Run had the largest assembly line in the world (3,500,000sqft; 330,000m2). [48] The aircraft was also built at North American plant B in the city of Grand Prairie, Texas having only starting production of the B-24G in 1943. This increased firepower made the B-17 a formidable opponent for enemy fighters, particularly when flying in tightly stacked defensive formations for mutual protection. The aircraft used in the first allocation were B-24Ds retired by the 44th, 93rd and 389th Groups. Early Royal Air Force (RAF) Liberators were the first aircraft to routinely cross the Atlantic Ocean. The design was simple in concept but, nevertheless, advanced for its time. Compared to the B-17, it had a 6 feet (1.8m) larger wingspan but a lower wing area. In comparison with its contemporaries, the B-24 was relatively difficult to fly and had poor low-speed performance; it also had a lower ceiling and was less robust than the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. The B-24D was the first mass-produced series. Accuracy was to be achieved with the Norden bombsight, developed and fielded in great secrecy during the 1930s. OPTIONAL: Maximum internal bombload of 7,983 kg (17,600 lb). Books repeated highlight the fact that the Mosquito bomb load over long distance was equal to a B17 (approx 4,000lbs). Being on long-distance patrols, they generally flew outside the range of enemy fighters. The C-87A was a dedicated VIP series built in small quantity. 20 x AGM-129 cruise missiles (internal). As built, the XB-24 top speed was only 273mph instead of the specified 311mph. [15] The occasional need during a mission for crewmen to move from fore to aft within the B-24's fuselage over the narrow catwalk was a drawback shared with other bomber designs. In the China Burma India Theater (CBI), the C-87 was used to airlift cargo and fuel over the Hump (the Himalayas) from India to China. Quest for Performance: The Evolution of Modern Aircraft.. The first USAAF Liberators to carry out combat missions were 12 repossessed LB-30s deployed to Java with the 11th Bombardment Squadron (7th Bombardment Group) that flew their first combat mission in mid-January. The ordnance of 1,000lb weight, was deployed operationally by USAAF B-24s in both Europe and the CBI theaters. After the transfer of the B-29s, the C-109s were reassigned to the Air Transport Command. The attack became disorganized after a navigational error which alerted the defenders and protracted the bomb run from the initial point. . B-24 was the second generation with several improvements including longer range. Other C-87 designations were the U.S. Navy designation RY and Lend Lease Liberator Cargo VII. Some B-24 crews fell, others limped back to England, but those who survived the onslaught dropped 98 percent of their bombs on target, leveling Gothas capabilities in one amazing run. 2023 Lockheed Martin Corporation. Following the Japanese surrender, the RAAF's Liberators participated in flying former prisoners of war and other personnel back to Australia. Range: 1,850 miles Service Ceiling: 35,000 ft. B 24 - L IBERATOR Australian aircrew seconded to the Royal Air Force flew Liberators in all theatres of the war, including with RAF Coastal Command, in the Middle East, and with South East Asia Command, while some flew in South African Air Force squadrons. In the event, the need to keep such tight defensive formations over Europe compromised the accuracy of the Norden bombsight, since individual bomb runs were not possible without breaking the formation. At its inception, the B-24 was a modern design featuring a highly efficient shoulder-mounted, high aspect ratio Davis wing. B-24s were also used by the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps for ASW, anti-ship patrol, and photographic reconnaissance in the Pacific Theater, and by the U.S. Coast Guard for patrol and SAR. The Liberator originated from a United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) request in 1938 for Consolidated to produce the B-17 under license. At its peak in 1944, the Willow Run plant produced one B-24 per hour and 650 B-24s per month. A fully navalized design was seen as advantageous, and Consolidated Aircraft developed a purpose-built long-range patrol bomber in 1943, designated PB4Y-2. The B-24 was a faster plane having a greater range and payload capacity. 223 Squadron RAF, one of Bomber Command's 100 (Bomber Support) Group squadrons, used 20 Liberator VIs to carry electronic jamming equipment to counter German radar. Learn how we are strengthening the economies, industries and communities of our global partner nations. Shores, Christopher, "History of the Royal Canadian Air Force", Toronto, Royce Publications, 1984, Taylor, John W. R. "Consolidated B-24/PB4 Y Liberator. This daring assault by high-altitude bombers at treetop level was a costly success. [36] Unlike the C-87, the C-109 was not built on the assembly line, but rather was converted from existing B-24 bomber production; to save weight, the glass nose, armament, turret fairings and bombardment equipment were removed. The Liberators made a significant contribution to Allied victory in the Battle of the Atlantic against German U-boats. A B-24 could reach 290 miles per hour and carry a 5,000-pound bomb load for 1,700 miles, giving it a longer range, greater speed, and a bigger payload than its B-17 cousin." In addition, that aforementioned ball turret on the B-24 was retractable, whilst the B-17's was not; . In October 1944, two RAF Liberator squadrons (357 and 358) were deployed to Jessore India in support of British SAS, American OSS and French SIS underground operations throughout SE Asia. The Eighth Air Force's 458th Bombardment Group deployed the guided Azon ordnance in Europe between June and September 1944,[32] while the Tenth Air Force's 493rd Bomb Squadron employed it against Japanese railroad bridges on the Burma Railway in early 1945, fulfilling the intended original purpose of the Azon system. These two squadrons engaged in relief flights to Warsaw and Krakw in Poland to support the Polish Uprising against Nazi Occupation. The B-24 had a number of variants for different missions, including a transport version capable of carrying a 10,000-pound payload up to 1,000 miles, or 6,000 pounds over 3,300 miles, helping. US-based Liberators entered combat service in 1942 when on 6 June, four LB-30s from Hawaii staging through Midway Island attempted an attack on Wake Island, but were unable to find it. In his autobiography, Fate is the Hunter, the writer Ernest K. Gann reported that, while flying air cargo in India, he barely avoided crashing an improperly loaded C-87 into the Taj Mahal. Why would bomber command and the combined airforces have not used the Mosquito . It holds records as the world's most-produced bomber, heavy bomber, multi-engine aircraft, and American military aircraft in history. Liberators remained in service until 1948, when they were replaced by Avro Lincolns. By the end of World War II, the technological breakthroughs of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress and other modern types had surpassed the bombers that served from the start of the war. II radar, which together with the Leigh light, gave them the ability to hunt U-boats by day and by night. All written content, illustrations, and photography are unique to this website (unless where indicated) and not for reuse/reproduction in any form. Job, Macarthur. Fuel leaks inside the crew compartment from the hastily modified long-range fuel system were an all-too-common occurrence. [citation needed]. A total of 287 B-24D, B-24J, B-24L and B-24M aircraft were supplied to the RAAF, of which 33 were lost in action or accidents, with more than 200 Australians killed. The 44th destroyed both of its assigned targets, but lost 11 of its 37 bombers and their crews. He flew in B-24 41-23777 ("Maisey") on Mission No. Chain smoker "Tex" Thornton, then in command of the US Army Air Corps' Statistical Control, flew across the Atlantic in a B-24, and was not permitted to smoke. [citation needed] None of these were minor operations, but they were dwarfed by Ford's vast new purpose-built factory constructed at Willow Run near Detroit, Michigan. In January 1939, the USAAC, under Specification C-212, formally invited Consolidated[7] to submit a design study for a bomber with longer range, higher speed and greater ceiling than the B-17. Dorr, Robert F. and Jon Lake. [citation needed] A new government plant was built in Tulsa, Oklahoma with Reconstruction Finance Corporation funds and leased to Douglas Aircraft for assembly of B-24s from Ford parts;[46] Douglas ultimately built a total of 962 of the D, E, H, and J models there. Two were shot up by Japanese fighters, but both managed to land safely. It had turbocharged engines and increased fuel capacity. The sudden and decisive turning of the Battle of the Atlantic in favor of the Allies in May 1943 was the result of many factors. The first aircrews chosen for this operation came from the anti-submarine bomb groups because of their special training in low altitude flying and pinpoint navigation skills. The new design would be the first American heavy bomber in production to use tricycle landing gear the North American B-25 Mitchell medium bomber's predecessor, the NA-40 introduced this feature in January 1939 with the Consolidated Model 32 having long, thin wings with the efficient "Davis" high aspect ratio design (also used on the projected Model 31 twin-engined commercial flying boat)[17] promising to provide maximum fuel efficiency. This new fuselage was intentionally designed around twin bomb bays, each one being the same size and capacity of the B-17 bomb bays. The B-24 was rapidly phased out of U.S. service, although the PB4Y-2 Privateer maritime patrol derivative carried on in service with the U.S. Navy in the Korean War. Wind tunnel testing and experimental programs using an existing Consolidated Model 31 provided extensive data on the flight characteristics of the Davis airfoil. All five plants switched over to the almost identical B-24J in August 1943. Additionally, the tail span was widened by 2ft (0.61m) and the pitot-static probes were relocated from the wings to the fuselage. The maximum takeoff weight was one of the highest of the period. The success of the Mosquito as a pathfinder or tactical bomber is without challenge. The pilot and co-pilot sat alongside each other in a well-glazed cockpit. All armament and armor were removed and in some cases the tail turret. Mosquito Vs B17 #13342705. These three units then joined the two 9th Air Force B-24 Liberator groups for low-level attack on the German-held Romanian oil complex at Ploieti. Designed to help the U.S. and allies leverage emerging technologies to create a resilient multi-domain network. Corrections? This model introduced self-sealing fuel tanks, a 2ft 7in (79cm) plug in the forward fuselage to create more space for crew members and, more vitally, ever more equipment such as ASV Mark II radar (anticipated early in the Liberator's development when Reuben Fleet told the engineering team he had a gut feeling the nose was too short). Before the Leigh Light, not a single enemy submarine had been sunk in over five months, but in combination with radar, it was so overwhelmingly effective that many German submarine crews chose to surface during the day so that they could at least see the aircraft attacking them and have a chance to fire their anti-aircraft weaponry in defense.[26][27]. The Liberator carried a crew of up to ten. Because of this, Boeing began to work on pressurized long range bomber derivatives of the B-17. ", "Michigan History: Willow Run and the Arsenal of Democracy. The B-24D initially featured upper, belly and tail turrets, plus swiveling single guns in the waist and on either side of the nose. [13], The first B-24 loss over German territory occurred on 26 February 1943. While aircrews tended to prefer the B-17, General Staff favored the B-24 and procured it in huge numbers for a wide variety of roles. 540 ft/min [Diff.-49,460 feet] Boeing (McDonnell Douglas) F-15 Eagle Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress RoC (ft) 50,000 540 540. Autry, Gene with Herskowitz, Mickey. The XB-24 was then re-designated XB-24Bthese changes became standard on all B-24s built starting with the B-24C model. The C-87 had a large cargo floor, less powerful supercharged engines, no gun turrets, a floor in the bomb bay for freight, and some side windows. Project A led to the development of the Boeing B-29 and Consolidated's own B-32 and B-36. The B-24H saw the replacement of the glazed 'green house' nose with a nose turret, which reduced the B-24s vulnerability to head-on attacks. 3. Over 5000 orders for this version were placed in 1945, but they were cancelled due to the end of the war. Some RAAF aircrew were given operational experience in Liberators while attached to USAAF squadrons. Thus the first six YB-24 were released for direct purchase under CAC contract # F-677 on 9 November 1940. By mid-1943, the shorter-range B-17 was phased out. The extended nose earned it the name Pinocchio. The Liberators range proved invaluable in scouting and destroying German U-boats, creating safe passage for Allied transports and destroyers across Europe. The Privateer had non-turbosupercharged engines for weight savings and optimal performance at low to medium patrol altitudes, and was visually distinguishable from the B-24 and PB4Y-1 by its longer fuselage, single tall vertical stabilizer (rather than a twin tail), two dorsal turrets, and teardrop-shaped waist gun blisters (similar in appearance to those on Consolidated's own PBY Catalina). [citation needed] The most important role, however, for the first batch of the Liberator GR Is was in service with RAF Coastal Command on anti-submarine patrols in the Battle of the Atlantic. Our Multi-Domain Operations/Joint All-Domain Operations solutions provide a complete picture of the battlespace and empowers warfighters to quickly make decisions that drive action. Failing to do this meant that the B-24 flew slightly nose high, and it used more fuel. Indigenous Fort Worth C-87 and AT-22 production began with the FY 1943 order for 80 serial-numbered airframes 43-30548 through 4330627. When this mission was completed, it was recorded that 822,791 US gallons (3,114,264L) of 80 octane gasoline had been delivered to three different airfields in France and Belgium.[35]. In late June 1943, the three B-24 Liberator groups of the 8th Air Force were sent to North Africa on temporary duty with the 9th Air Force:[13] the 44th Bomb Group joined the 93rd and the 389th Bomb Groups. The B-17 was designed by the Boeing Aircraft Company in response to a 1934 Army Air Corps specification that called for a four-engined bomber at a time when two engines were the norm. They also flew C-47s, Douglas A-26 Invaders, and British de Havilland Mosquitos. They also bombed German oil refineries and attacked critical targets in Italy, changing the tide of the Allies Mediterranean campaign. Therefore, the B-24 is superior to the B-17. Turbo-supercharged radial engines (a uniquely American development) were to give the necessary high-altitude performance, and heavy defensive armament was to provide protection against attacking fighters. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The turbocharged engines were the reason for the flattened oval shape of the nacelles that distinguished all subsequent Liberator models. The relatively thick wing held the promise of increased tankage while delivering increased lift and speed, but it became unpleasant to fly when committed to heavier loadings as experienced at high altitude and in bad weather. Alternate titles: Boeing B-17 bomber, Flying Fortress, Associate Professor of History, Ohio State University, Columbus. The blazing wreckage landed just outside Bad Zwischenahn airfield. It saw use in every theater of operations. The B17 was a sedate aircraft and placed fewer demands on the flight deck crew. It can rapidly deliver massive quantities of precision and non-precision weapons against any adversary, anywhere in the world, at any time. Follow our simple tutorial and start! Lindell Hendrix, later a test pilot for Republic Aviation, flew B-24s for the Eighth Air force. "Consolidated B-24 Liberator. Taking action to help you protect what matters most. The Lib had a larger bomb bay and a somewhat longer range. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The aircraft had the distressing habit of losing all cockpit electrical power on takeoff or at landings, its engine power and reliability with the less-powerful superchargers also often left much to be desired. The turret proved unsatisfactory and was soon replaced by a tunnel gun, which was itself omitted. The navigator's position was relocated behind the pilot. 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But, nevertheless, advanced for its time two squadrons engaged in relief flights to Warsaw and Krakw in to... Former prisoners of war and other personnel back to Australia built, the B-24 a... By a tunnel gun, which was itself omitted armament and armor were removed and in some the. And a somewhat longer range B-24s for the Eighth Air Force B-24 Liberator Groups for low-level attack the. Was one of the war testing and experimental programs using an existing Consolidated Model 31 provided data.
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